7/12/2023 0 Comments American radium society abstractThe ‘framework hypothesis,’ an antecedent to more » molecular layering, was proposed by V. Kol’tsov from Leningrad Technological Institute.2–6 These experiments were conducted under the scientific supervision of V. II, “Early Years of Atomic Layer Processes” in the original article,1 the first two sentences of the fourth paragraph should instead say “The ALD principle, where surface reactions follow a binary sequence of self-limiting half-reactions, was reported under the name ‘molecular layering’ in the 1960s by S. The authors of this review article published in 20131 would like to correct some text and references relating to the first observations and publications on molecular layering. The geologic, chemical, and engineering information gathered during this era formed the basis of the uranium industry of the later part of the century, while the tailings and residues came to be viewed as environmental problems during the same period. The discovery of high-grade pitchblende ores in the Belgian Congo and the subsequent opening of an extraction plant near Antwerp, Belgium, in 1992, however, created an economic climate that put an end to the American radium industry. The staffs of these plants included some of the more » finest chemists and physicists in the nation, and the highly-refined radium products found a variety of uses in medicine and industry. Major extraction plants were established in or near Denver (CO), Pittsburgh (PA), and New York City (NY) to process radium from ore that came largely from the carnotite deposits of western Colorado and eastern Utah. They are but the latest chapter in the story of an American industry that emerged and perished in the span of three decades. Failure should be corrected by surgery without compromising survival.Federally funded remedial action projects are presently underway in New Jersey and Colorado at sites containing Ra and other radionuclides from radium-uranium ore extraction plants that operated during the early twentieth century. Conclusion: Conservative organ–sparing treatment of early–stage penile carcinomas is justified. Long–term results of each method were approximatley equal and 5–year survival varied from 78 to 88%. The recurrence rate did not correlate with tumor size and grade and was similar for all treatment modalities. Ten patients (4.5%) developed regional metastases. Overall, 24 of 135 patients (17.7%) had local recurrence. The efficacy of conservative treatment was highly associated with three factors: tumor size, grade and patient’s age. The difference in local control rate among these three groups of patients has not reached statistical significance. Results: The local control was achieved in 135 (60.5%) of 223 patients. Among them 155 received radiotherapy, 33 chemotherapy, and 35 radiochemotherapy. Materials and Methods: Conservatively treated 223 patients with penile carcinoma seen in three hospitals between 19 years were studied retrospectively. Purpose: The results of different conservative organ–sparing methods – radiotherapy, chemotherapy and radiochemotherapy – in the treatment of penile carcinoma were studied.
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